the social impact of birth control in germany :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive impacts of access to sexuality education, public information, and medical services are available to young people in Germany. In Germany, adolescent sexuality is regarded as a health issue, not a political or religious one. An overwhelmingly majority of the people and institutions in this country support sexual health. Teens are educated about safer sex and have access to both birth control pills and condoms if they have sexual intercourse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  German adolescents are valued, respected, and expected to act responsibly. The adults trust adolescents to make responsible choices because they see young people as assets, and not problems. Teen abortion rates are much lower in Germany than in the United States. For Germany, the abortion rate is 8.7 for women ages 15 to 49 (Kelly, MeGee 1998/1999). The reality of this is that teens in Germany have intercourse without as many negative consequences as teens in the United States. These teens get flooded with positive messages aimed at helping them to avoid unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. The messages sent to German teens are not designed to ask them to refrain from sex until marriage, but educates them on the safety precautions involved with the act itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movement to provide access to contraception, condoms, and comprehensive sexuality education is based on the desire to further reduce abortions and sexually transmitted diseases. In Germany, there is a national sexuality education policy, but individual states determine which curricula to use. They also have massive public education campaigns targeting safer sex behaviors and condom use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Media are engaged in helping young people make healthy sexual choices and not simply titillating audiences with sexual content for the sake of advertisers’ money. These countries also appear to have little concern that sexually explicit media messages will encourage young people to have intercourse. The mass media sexuality education campaigns are supported and encouraged by a broad array of people with an equally broad array of beliefs and values, ranging from AIDS educators and parents to religious leaders and policy makers. We in the United States can learn from this non-adversarial relationship between religious communities and advocates for sexuality education, and as a result, should encourage all groups to make strides toward a place where young people and families are supported to be sexually healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion and politics have little influence on policies related to adolescent sexuality in the European countries (Kelly & MeGee 1998/1999).

Learning Activity for Western Civilization Essay

Western society was broken up in estates. These estates were the Church, the Nobility and Peasantry. Imagine contemporary western society has now been divided into three estates. I would say that it will be broken up as follows: the Political class, the Wealthy class and the Working class. Although we lived in the same country we were broken down into estates. The Political class, were considered the â€Å"law makers†. This included the President of the United States, Judges, lawyers and anyone dealing with politics. They were majority men and dressed in the finest custom made suits around. Politicians only associated themselves with other politicians and the wealthy class. This was because the wealthy often funded the Politicians. The wealthy class, were individuals who were either born wealthy or became wealthy and was able to maintain the lifestyle. If you were a person of wealth, you would be known by your appearance. A person of this class dressed in the most expensive garments made by famous designers. They lived in lavish homes located in the best neighborhoods in town. They also drove the finest cars. Their children lived the same lifestyle as their parents. Then we have the working class. These individuals made life easier for the Political and Wealthy class. The reason was because they were expected to work for money. This meant that the jobs or work that the upper classmen did not want to do, the working class did. They lived in an entirely different part of the neighborhood or town. When you see the average working class person, they dressed in lower end clothing, such as someone who shops at the Goodwill or thrift store. This was because they were underpaid for the work they performed. So could only afford the inexpensive items included the vehicles. These were people who were proud in whom they were and did not care to fit in with other estates. This is how I believe contemporary western society would be broken into if we were still in medieval society.

Sexual Seduction

Sexual Seduction & Freud Psy. 405 Psychoanalysis was huge in the success of Sigmund Freud. Freud proclaimed that we are not the rational rulers of our lives but are under the influence of unconscious forces of which we are unaware and over which we have little, if any, control. Freud was pondering over the sexual basis of emotional disturbances. Sexual abuse as a child or adolescent affects ones future as an adult. Child sexual abuse has been reported up to 80,000 times a year (Facts for Family, 2011).Sexual seduction in childhood seems to be reported mostly by woman to be the root of their behavior and main reason for needing some kind of therapy practice. Because of the abuse it affects you more as an adult when you’re trying to have a relationship or sexual contact with others and so I focus on Freud’s theories and therapy practices to understand ways to cope and get passed the abuse. His approach evolves in steps such as levels of consciousness or theory of consciou sness, analysis of mental structures, psychosexual stages of development, defense mechanisms, and means of tapping the unconscious.Provided are some statistics to outline how big of an issue this is. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Children’s Bureau report Child Maltreatment 2010 found that 9. 2% of victimized children were sexually assaulted (p24). Studies by David Finkelhor, Director of the Crimes Against Children Research Center show that 1 in 5 girls and 1 in 20 boys is a victim of child sexual abuse. Self-report studies show that 20% of adult females and 5-10% of adult males recall a childhood sexual assault or sexual abuse incident.During a one-year period in the U. S. , of youth ages 14 to 17 had been sexually victimized. Over the course of their lifetime, 28% of U. S. youth ages 14 to 17 had been sexually victimized. Children are most vulnerable to child sexual abuse between the ages of 7 and 13 (Finkelhor, 2009). Although no one wants to hea r these statistics and believe that this occurs it’s sad to say it doesn’t end here. According to a 2003 National Institute of Justice report, 3 out of 4 adolescents who have been sexually victimized by someone they knew well (p5).Sexual abuse when you’re young and sexual abuse from someone you know well all factors into how you are when you’re an adult. Freud’s seduction hypothesis concluded that emotional disturbances could be related to childhood sexual trauma. To get a little overview and insight into this big issue I will discuss the case of Anna O. Anna O. was Josef Breuer’s patient whom also shared this and many other cases with Freud. This case is what started the development of psychoanalysis. Through her therapy she would recall specific experiences that seemed to have given rise to certain symptoms.Talking about her experiences often relieved the symptoms. She referred to their conversations as chimney sweeping or the talking cure . As their sessions continued, Breuer realized that the incidents Anna remembered involved thoughts or events she found repulsive. Reliving the disturbing experiences reduced or eliminated the symptoms. All nightmares, phobias, and fears which influence you but why you have them is because of the unconscious and Freud suggests ways or techniques of reaching that unconscious through his free association technique.A child who is the victim of prolonged sexual abuse usually develops low self-esteem, a feeling of worthlessness and an abnormal or distorted view of sex (Facts for families, 2011). Although each individual is different some unique responses to sexual abuse that are common among many is low self-esteem or self-hatred and many survivors suffer from depression. There is a lack of trust for anyone especially if it’s someone they were dependent upon like family and teachers. 93% of victims under the age of 18 know their attacker (Finkelhor, 2009).Many have flashbacks wher e they re-experience the sexual abuse as if it were occurring at that moment, usually accompanied by visual images of the abuse. These flashbacks often are triggered by an event, action, or even a smell that is reminiscent of the sexual abuse of the abuser. Dissociation may also occur where survivors go through a process where the mind distances itself from the experience because it is too much for the psyche to process at the time. This loss of connection with thoughts, memories, feelings, actions or sense of identity, is a coping mechanism and may affect aspects of a survivor’s functioning.Sexuality and intimacy also affect a survivor because they have to deal with the fact that one of their first sexual encounters was a result of abuse. These memories may interfere with the survivor’s ability to engage in sexual relationships, which may bring about feelings of fright, frustration, or being ashamed. Many use coping mechanisms such as grieving, mourning, alcohol, drug abuse, eating disorders, and self-injury and so on mostly because you feel ashamed to confront someone about it. Those who have the courage to let it out often seek therapy.I base this paper on Freud’s seduction theory and therapy technique to help survivors overcome their issues. For example many sexual abuse survivors struggle with developing normal adult sexual intimacy abilities and may feel as though they are defective, damaged, or otherwise flawed (Kress, Hoffman, Thomas, 2008). Freud developed his theory from a clinical study of the relationship between childhood seduction and the development of adult emotional disorder. Freud who had no doubt that sex played the determining role in neurosis and that neurotic conditions could not arise in a person who led a normal sex life.This was discussed in the free-association technique and seduction theory. In this technique survivors will struggle but will be able to build or rebuild a positive self-identity. Much research has been done in the study of incest trauma being the root and even in Freud’s free-association technique, his patient’s revealed sexual seduction, with the seducer usually being an older relative and thus caused adult neurotic behavior. Sexual abuse often affects someone emotionally and sexually later in life when accepting relationships with others. Everyone is different but two things could occur.You either are frightened by any relationship with someone emotional and sexually or you can become a sex addict. Freud was looking for a long-term cure of symptoms individuals had. He soon gave up catharsis as a treatment method and developed from it the technique of free association. This is a psychotherapeutic technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind. In this technique a patient lies on the couch and is encouraged to talk openly and spontaneously, giving complete expression to every idea, no matter how embarrassing, unimportant, or foolish it may sound.His goal was to bring in conscious awareness the repressed memories or thoughts, which were assumed to be the source of the patients abnormal behavior. The thoughts that came to the patients mind were said by Freud to not be random and have some connection during the free-association sessions. The experiences brought into memory were predetermined and could not be censored by the patient’s conscious choice. Externalizing may also help clients connect with solutions and options they may not normally realize (Kress et al, 2008). The patient’s conflict would be forced out so that it had to be expressed to the therapist.Therapists need to develop clinical skills and interventions that are specific to counseling this population (Kress et al, 2008) just like Freud and his free-association technique. Kress, Hoffman, and Thomas (2008) explained it this way; The technique of externalizing client problems, or separating the identity of the client from the presenting problems, or sep arating the identity of the client from the presenting concerns, may have the effect of increasing the client’s sense of control over the perceived problems and increasing internalized personal agency and, thus, a sense of empowerment (p107).Through the free-association technique, Freud found that his patient’s memories brought up an experience from childhood that had a connection they repressed concerning sexual issues. By 1898, he was convinced that â€Å"the most immediate and, for practical purposes, the most significant causes of neurotic illness are to be found in factors arising from sexual life† (Breger, 2000, p117). He also points out some specifics on the seduction theory such as the seducer being an older relative, often the father and that these seduction traumas were the cause of adult neurotic behavior.His patients were hesitant about describing details of the seduction experience as though the events were somehow unreal or had never really happene d. A consistent research finding about adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse is difficulty with establishing and maintaining intimate relationships (Gil, 2008). By providing a couple of examples you’ll see where Freud would come in with his seduction theory and free-association hypothesis. The case of the women in this article by Rachman, Kennedy, and Yard (2005) resembled the well-known case of Anna O which became the upmost importance in the development of psychoanalysis.The woman, whom they called Miss M, was sexually molested by a male family figure when she was two years old. She then started to masturbate using a pencil and was scolded and blamed for misbehaving. Her mother reacted to her masturbation as if it were an immoral behavior and was not curious as to the origins of her daughter’s premature sexuality. Miss M started to become highly seductive with men. Through therapy she worked out this problem over a period of about a year to understand her trauma and dysfunction.These difficulties impact male selection, interactional patterns, conflict resolution, balance of power, satisfaction, and the nature and frequency of sexual contact (Gil, 2008). Miss M overcame these difficulties and was then able to begin a steady relationship and soon got married and started a family. Another case provided by Rachman et al (2005) was with Laura and her therapist. Laura was sexually abused by her mother, cousin, and brothers. She quickly initiated an obsessively laden, angry, erotic transference.Laura interpreted the empathy of the therapist for her childhood trauma. Laura thought that as the therapist showed interest in her, so just like her mother, the therapist must desire her sexually, and she must respond to the therapist as she did with her mother. Laura reflected that her life was always haunted by being vulnerable to being â€Å"hit on† physically and sexually at any moment by her siblings. When Laura would recall her past she would link what she started to do with others. She was behaving just as her mother did in a sexually abusive fashion.The therapist worked on this behavior but it was not concluded in the article what the result was or what the effect of the therapy had on her. The therapist was also not named in this example. In this same article was an example of a therapist, Bob Kennedy and his patient Vivian. Vivian’s marriage was falling apart. She noted that her husband was unable to satisfy her emotionally. This was because of a sexual involvement with her father when she was young. Through the course of the therapy sessions Vivian accepted the idea that her childhood sexuality with her father was abusive.Survivors will need assistance in strengthening or enhancing the quality of their relationships, as well as addressing unresolved childhood traumas that may unconsciously shape their attitudes and behaviors (Gil, 2008). She eventually abandoned her sexual aggression and gave the impression o f feeling safe, assured there would be no repletion of the abuse she had once suffered. Once she was able to come to this conclusion she then could have a satisfying relationship with her husband. In the article by Bachman, Kennedy, and Yard they explained in detail and through these examples the root to therapy.Once you understand the erotic behavior toward another as a mode of communication from their childhood sexual trauma, that the experience can be viewed as an opportunity for a therapeutic encounter. It’s through free-association analysis that could succeed in accepting responsibility for their own forbidden feelings, their sexuality, aggression, and guilt that had previously been projected onto others. Talking your issue out will make you realize how wrong sexual seduction is. Partners and spouses of adult survivors benefit from assistance as well.Partner and spouses often report feelings of isolation, fear, helplessness and hopelessness, frustration and anger (Gil, 2 008). This could have been why Vivian’s marriage was falling apart and yet it all came down to her abuse as a child. Spouses may also find that their efforts to obtain intimacy are thwarted by the survivor’s need to use reflexive defense strategies (Gil, 2008). Free-association therapy is not easy to go through because you need to dig up everything in your past and in conscious thought that you may not want to relive.There are many steps to relieving the headaches of seduction to the desired outcome in the free-association therapy. Resistance is one of them steps. This is the blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories during a free-association session. Repression also is the process of barring unacceptable ideas, memories, or desires from conscious awareness, leaving them to operate in the unconscious mind. Being sexually seduced brings on anxiety. Freud explains defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety.Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital) o f personality development include denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, and sublimation. Denial is considered denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event. Displacement is for example replacing hostility toward one’s boss with hostility toward one’s child. Projection is attributing impulse toward someone else. Rationalization is for example saying that a job you got fired from was not a good job for you anyway.Reaction formation for example is someone disturbed by sexual longings who may become a crusader against pornography. Regression is going back to a less frustrating period in life and displacing the childish and dependent behaviors of that time. Repression is denying the existence of something that gives you anxiety. Sublimation is altering impulses by doing socially acceptable behaviors such as diverting sexual energy into artistically creative behaviors. Through these steps free associat ion is not that easy but is effective.No one who is sexually abused is going to be able to be free of their anxiety very fast and effectively. There is always going to be downfalls at some points and each individual is different in the amount of time it will take to overcome it. It’s encouraged for the patients to meet certain situations that arise and learn to cope with the unpleasant sensations by remaining focused in therapy and talks it out. References Facts for Families: Child Sexual Abuse. (2011). American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. No. 9 Finkelhor, D. (2009).The prevention of childhood abuse. Vol. 19 No. 2 Gil, E. (2008). Training topics. 1-10 Kress, V. , Hoffman, R. , Thomas, A. (2008). Letters from the future: the use of therapeutic letter writing in counseling sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 3(2), 105-118 National Institute for Justice Report. (2003) P. 5 Rachman, A. , Kennedy, R. , Yard, M. (2005). The role of childh ood sexual seduction in the development of an erotic transference: pervasion in the psychoanalytic situation. International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 14, 183-187

KM Tutorial Ans

208KM Tutorial 5 Ans Question 1 Ans Show why R&D management is dependent on industrial context. Answer: This question explores the extent to which students understand the importance of industrial context. R&D operations in the industrial chemical industry will be completely different from those in the food industry. For example, R&D managers in industrial chemicals companies may not have to deal with brand managers, whereas in the food industry brand managers will be very influential. Similarly, consumer research scientists will have a significant influence on decision making in consumer markets but not in industrial markets.Question 2 Discuss the range of operational R&D activities. Answer: Figure 8. 1 illustrates the R&D operations commonly found in almost every major research and development department. They may have different labels, but within Siemens, Nokia, BMW and Shell such operations are well documented. In smaller organisations the activities are less diverse and may inclu de only a few of these operations. This section explains what activities one would expect to find within each type of R&D operation. To help put these activities in context, Figure 9. shows how they relate to the product life-cycle framework. They are: Basic Research Applied Research Product Development Technical Service Question 3 What was the traditional view of R&D? Answer: After the Second World War, research and development played an important role in providing firms with competitive advantage. Technical developments in industries such as chemicals, electronics, automotive and pharmaceuticals led to the development of many new products, which produced rapid growth. For a while it seemed that technology was capable of almost anything.The traditional view of R&D has therefore been overcoming genuine technological roblems, which subsequently leads to business opportunities and a competitive advantage over one's competitors. Question 4 Not all firms invest in R;D. What should be th e level of expenditure on R;D for a firm? Answer: One of the most useful guides is to look at industry average expenditure. This will provide a guide to what a firm in a particular industry probably an annual budgetary basis. It requires a longer-term approach enabling knowledge to be acquired and built up over time.This often leads to tensions with other functions that are planning projects and activities. It is unusual for unlimited funds o be available, and hence business functions usually compete with other departments for funds. A great deal depends on the culture of the organisation and the industry within which it is operating (see Chapters 3 and 6). Pilkington, for example, spends proportionally large sums on R;D -many say too much – especially when one considers its more recent performance (Financial Times, 1998). Other companies spend very little on R;D but huge amounts on sales and marketing.This is the case for the financial services industry. So, one of the most difficult decisions facing senior management is how much to spend on R;D. Many companies now report R;D expenditure in their annual reports. It is now relatively easy to establish, for example, that Rubbermaid spent 14 per cent of sales on R;D in 1994; however, exactly how the company arrived at this figure is less clear. Question 5 What are the main strategic activities of R;D? Answer: The management of research and development needs to be fully integrated with the strategic management process of the business.This will enhance and support the products that marketing and sales offer and provide the company with a technical body of knowledge that can be used for future development. Too many usinesses fail to integrate the management of research and technology fully into the overall business strategy process (Adler et al. (1992)). A report by the European Industrial Management Association (EIRMA, 1985) recognises R;D as having three distinct areas, each requiring investment: R;D for e xisting businesses, R;D for new businesses and R;D for exploratory research (see Figure 8. ). These three strategic areas can be broken down into operational activities: 00 defend, support and expand existing businesses; drive new businesses; and broaden and deepen technological capability. Discuss some of the strategic pressures on R;D. Answer: In virtually all R;D functions there is a trade-off between concentrating resources in the pursuit of a strategic knowledge competence and spreading resources over a wider area to allow for the building of a more general knowledge base. Figure 8. 5 shows the demands on technical resources.The growth of scientific and technological areas of interest to the firm pressurises research management to fund a wider number of areas, represented by the upward curve. The need for strategic positioning forces the decision to focus resources and build strategic knowledge competencies, represented by the downward curve. Question 7 What is meant by technol ogy leverage? Answer: While it is tempting to say that technology influences the competitive performance of all businesses, in reality some businesses are more heavily influenced than others.In many mature and established industries, the cost of raw materials is much more of an influence on the competitive performance of the business than are technology developments. For example,the price paid for commodities like coffee, cocoa and sugar can dramatically influence profits in many food industries. Even if the business was to substantially increase the level of R;D nvestment, its competitive position would still be determined by raw material prices.Several attempts have been made by industry to quantify this factor when considering the level of R;D investment required. Scholefield (1993) developed a model using the concept of technology leverage. This is the extent of influence that a business's technology and technology base have on its competitive position. In general, technology le verage will be low when the influence of raw material and distribution costs and economic growth is high. High-volume, bulk commodity products would fall within this scenario.

Evaluate the Information Processing Models to Learning, Distingush the Main Features of the Multi-Store Model Essay

The main thrust of this assertion is to give an evaluation of the information processing models to learning and paying particular attention to features of the multi-store model. According to Ashcraft (1994) information processing model is a framework used by cognitive psychologists to explain and describe mental processes. The multi-stores model propounded by Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) is a classic model of memory, which describes memory in terms of information flowing through a system. However the model is not without flaws, as it possesses weaknesses as show be critically analyzed in this evaluation. The information processing model concentrates on how information from the environment through the senses is processed and utilized by the brain.Schunk(1996) posits that the information processing models are various theoretical perspectives dealing with the sequence and execution of cognitive events, mainly focusing on how people react to environmentalstimuli, encode, store, and retrieve when needed. Thus giving the perspective that learners are active seekers and processers of information. The flow of information primarily can be traced from the environmental stimuli. These are raw facts and figures that we capture from the surrounding using our senses. A stimulus can move from our senses to the short register, when we pay attention to the stimulus, and thus our internal process begins. According to Baron (2001)learning becomes the process of commuting our symbolic representations to memory where there may be processed and the study of learning is primarily through the study of memor y The multi-store model is a classical model of memory which was suggest that memory is made up of a series or stores and information is processed and stored in three stages namely sensory, short term and long term memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) describes memory in terms of flowing through a system. Information enters the sensory memory through detection environmental stimuli by the sense organs, then through the process of ‘attention’ and ‘perception’ moves to the short-term memory. Through rehearsal the information may be transferred to long term memory, and if not rehearsed it is then lost from short-term through the process of displacement or decayMcLeod,2007) Sensory memory is a brief store of information from the environment,maintaining a duration of a quarter to half of a second(Fieldman,2010) The sensory register picks up all the environmentalstimuli reaching our senses.The capacity of th sensory memory is quite large,although it only lasts for milliseconds, as it holdsinformation associated with the senses.If our working memory is relatively free of work,we might pay attention to the new input and if not, then we would not notice or we quickly forget the new information(Baddeley and Hitch,(1974). The other main feature of this model is the short-term memory,which is a temporary store for a limited amount of information and stores from a duration of 0 to 18 seconds,(Fieldman,2010). In this storage information is encoded mainly as echoic. Baron, (2001) postulates that short-term memory can handle about 7 objects at once, but this can be improved by chunking, which is the grouping of items into chunks and this information can be maintained by rehearsal or association of the information you are trying to remember with already existing knowledge.Therefore the short-term memory becomes vital as this is where consciousness exists and thinking is done. Long term memory is the third main feature of the model,which represents our permanent storehouse of information,and its capacity is unlimited(Ashcraft,1994). There are three categories of long term memory, semantic(for verbal information and meaning), episodic memory(for events) and procedural memory for how to do things. The prospect of information reaching the long term memory according to Driscoll(1994) depends upon the length of the message and familiarity of it with information already stored. The major strength of this model is based on its ability to set a foundation on other studies as memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between short term and long time. Mcleod (2007) posits that the model is influential as it has generated a lot of research into memory. Furthermore, studies of amnesiacs also supported the essential of this model. This show the relevancy of the information processing model to learning as it is consistant with empirical findings and provides an excellent framework for understanding the principles of effective learning. The information processing model is also blamed for over simplifying facts and does not account for the type of information processed. The working memory is treated as a simple store of memory. This view is contradicted by Baddeley’s(2001) model of working memory which consists of three components, theexecutory loop, and visual spacial sketchpad,with uses which vary from selecting incoming information, determine processing and constructing meaning through inferences and subsequently transfer the processed information to long term or delete it from the memory system altogether.Therefore,despite that, the information processing model provides a conceptual model which explains the different functions and constrains on human memory it fails to recognize that the short term memory and long term are more complex than previously assumed. The interactions between short-term memory and long term memory were under emphasized and do not distinguish between levels in the long term memory,and of essence does not explain how the long term influences short term and sensory memory. Mcleod (2007) viewed the model as a one way or linear with rigid ways of operation, and also argues that rehearsal is too simple to account for the transfer of information. Schraw (2001) articulated that several useful terms have been developed to elaboratecognitive processing especially in working memory, for example the limited cognitive resources and attention resources, which help explain why there are differences between one learner and another.Therefore these and the fact that it is just a model and there is not really a way to prove its true, contributes to the view point that the information processing model has significant. In conclusion, the information processing model gives the three vital stages of information processing, which are greatly regarded in most recent studies as they have provided a framework for understanding principles of effective learning. Therefore despite the great number of flaws the model is quite significant. REFERENCE 1. Ashcraft,M.H (1996), Human Memory and Cognition, Harpercollins College :DIV 2. Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes, New York: Academic Press. 3. Baddeley, A .D. and Hitch, G.(1974). Working memory, New York: Academic Press. 4. Baddeley,A.D.(1998).Human Memory,theory and Practice. Boston:Allyn and Bacon 5. Baron, R.A(2001) Psychology, New Delhi:Dorling Kindersley 6. Driscoll, M.P. (1994) Psychology Of Learning For Instruction, Boston:Allyn and Bacon 7. Fieldman,S.R (2010)Understanding Psychology,MacGraw-Hill 8. Schunk, D.H (1996) Learning theories(2nd edition) New Jersey;Merrill 9. http://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html

Evaluate the organizations innovation strategy Essay

Evaluate the organizations innovation strategy - Essay Example The retailer knows the danger of clogging up drains with grease and that is why it adopted bio-diesel made from waste brown cooking grease in its stores. The company saves an enormous portion of cash from green produce grown in United States. The production is made possible by Wal-Mart’s interaction with local suppliers and growers that fill its grocery stores with products on the prompt basis. The company’s innovation technology features other eco-friendly products such as organic cotton for making clothes. The strategy has enabled the company to save on cash and create a safe environment for its customers (Hurst, 2012). The innovation strategy has also led to high productivity, competitive positioning, and quality. Wal-Mart retains its market share in the retail industry and as the leading retailer in United States. The goal of the Wal-Mart is to change the world through eco-friendly innovations, and it has sustained the company in the market for the last

Outline a plan to stop a planned terrorist incident conducted by Research Paper

Outline a plan to stop a planned terrorist incident conducted by Hezbollah - Research Paper Example Additionally, the paper discusses the mitigating and responsive factors that are paramount in order to avoid the loss of lives as occurred during the 9/11 attacks. Furthermore, the discourse delves into the fundamental preventive measures such as the application of the Patriot Act that uses intelligence and surveillance to stop terrorism suspects from perpetrating their acts. There are different hazards that the terrorist group, Hezbollah is capable in terms of its militant activities. This ranges from shooting down planes carrying high profile personalities and planting bombs in influential buildings. Similarly, this Jihad-guided organization has power to hijack planes and ram into buildings the way Al Qaeda did in the 9/11 attacks in America that resulted to several loss of lives. However, it is noteworthy to observe that Hezbollah initially was not a jihadist group but a form of movement that played a fundamental in Lebanon’s independence (Bullock, Haddow & Coppola, 2009). On that aspect, this group has developed a deep hatred for the Christian Maronite and the Sunni. This has hardened the group into the most dreaded global terrorist organization that executes its missions through suicide bombings. For example, there were more than thirty incidents of suicide bombings in Lebanon in the early 80s though the group does not acknowledge their acts. This deadly tactic was also used in 1983 when a suicide bomber riding vehicle packed explosive materials drove near USA barracks and killed more than two hundred and forty one US marines (Uda, 2009). Apart from the use of suicide bombings, this militant organization also uses extortion as a technique of communicating their message to their enemies that include Israel and the US. This has been apparent in cases where members of either states or their sympathizers have been caught by the group. Moreover, the extortion always